Engine Bleed Air System

The Engine Bleed Air System is a sub-system of the Bleed Air System that is installed directly within the aircraft engine. 
It allows air to be bled from several engine ports in order to ensure sufficient pressurised air is provided to consumers* 
which include:

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• Engine starting (including cross starting)
• Wing anti-ice system
• Cabin pressurisation
• Fuel Tank Inerting System (FTIS)
• Cabin air generation and cooling systems (ATA21)
• Pressurisation of hydraulic tank, as well as waste and water storage tanks

Earlier generation families such as the A320ceo and the A330ceo are fitted with full pneumatic Engine Bleed Air Systems whereas more recent programmes are fitted with electro-pneumatic systems.

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Describe the procedure for universal or protruding head rivet removal.

1. File the rivet head to make it flat and center punch the flat surface for drilling. 

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2. Use a drill bit one size smaller than the rivet shank to drill out the rivet head. 
3. Drill the rivet to the depth of its head, while holding the drill at a 90° angle. Do not drill too deeply, as the rivet shank will then turn with the drill and tear the surrounding metal. NOTE: The rivet head often breaks away and climbs the drill, which is a signal to withdraw the drill.
5. If the rivet head does not come loose of its own accord, insert a drift punch into the hole and twist slightly to either side until the head comes off.
6. Drive the remaining rivet shank out with a drift punch slightly smaller than the shank diameter.

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Isotopes

The atoms of two or more forms of an element having the same atomic number but different atomic mass numbers are called isotopes.

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In other words, the atoms of isotopes will have an equal number of protons (Figure) but differing numbers of neutrons.
For example, isotopes of a Carbon element consist of 6 protons but varying number (6, 7 or 8) of neutrons., And these isotopes are named Carbon-12, Carbon-13 and Carbon-14 respectively.
The chemical properties of different isotopes of an element are identical, but they differ in nuclear stability.

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The Civil Aviation Authority of Sri Lanka (CAA)

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The Civil Aviation Authority of Sri Lanka (CAA) was established under the Civil Aviation Authority Act No. 34 of 2002 on 27th December 2002 and is deemed a Public Enterprise for the purpose of audit of accounts under article 154 of the Constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. Its primary function is to undertake activities that promote civil aviation safety and security in keeping with International Standards and Recommended Practices adopted by International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and to steer the aviation sector in Sri Lanka as a prime contributor to the growth of national economy, enhancing quality of life of its citizens

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International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO)

Ø   On 4^th April 1947, all members who participated in the Chicago convention of 1944 gathered in Montreal Canada to administrate the agreement made in the Chicago Convention.                                                                                         

Ø   A common standardize civil aviation regulations and requirements was made up by all the participating member countries whose aircraft flying on International routes.

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Ø   The regulations and requirements are only applicable to civil aircraft.

Ø   It was also established no Civil Aircraft shall fly over another country unless prior authorization or permission is granted.

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The Chicago Convention of 1944

Ø  A meeting was called in Chicago (USA) in 1944, to standardize Civil Aviation policy and procedure.

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Ø  The meeting was made up of members of various countries who have civil aircraft flying on International route.

Ø  A common policy and procedure was discussed to standardize civil aviation and these were:

ü  Standardise International Air Navigational (Flying)

ü  Standardise International Air Transport (Airport & other services)

ü  Standardise Technical Standards and recommended practices (Repair &

        Maintenance)

ü  Standardise the management system on manpower, material,

        machine/equipment, method laws & money.

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IATA Safety Audit for Ground Operations (ISAGO)

IATA's Safety Audit for Ground Operations (ISAGO) has been built upon a 'backbone' of audit standards applicable to all ground handling companies worldwide, coupled with a uniform set of standards relevant for the specific activities of any ground handler.

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As a result, the ISAGO audit can be applied consistently to multinational ground handlers, as well as to smaller companies providing services at a single station. 

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